In late 2021, power outages in China prompted energy quotas, which impacted economic growth and challenged the country’s image as a reliable manufacturing base. Unlike the energy-independent United States (US), China depends heavily on imports of Middle Eastern hydrocarbons. To ensure energy security – vital for economic stability and military preparedness – China engages with the Middle East, balancing ties between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Against a backdrop of intensifying rivalry with the US, the country is diversifying its approach to regional engagement, focusing on trade, infrastructure, technology and diplomacy through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Koning, Jens (2023) China's Diversifying Interests in the Middle East, MidEast Policy Brief, 5. Oslo: PRIO.
